Save the artifacts under the sea

Chemical analysis of electricitySave the artifacts under the sea
Use all means craft and newer techniques for the conservation and restoration of artifacts. Begin treatment after diagnosis, and operations are designed the study and conservation of the fruit of close cooperation between the world under the effects of marine and conservation specialist, to two issues
Highlight all the information which allows the archaeologist progress in his investigations as to the form, nature, composition, fonts, and writing and symbolsKeeping and recording all the information in the long run to become accessible to scholars and offered to the publicThe keeper restorer, after the preview of the full save, his proposals for appropriate treatment to the problem of the artifact. Belong to three types of treatment families often complement each other, namely:
Mechanical Altziv by stippled, scalpel, SAND BLASTING machine is very small and the chemical and chemical electric immersion "Alaketrrukemiaiy" the use of electrical sourceInstallation chemical and chemical electricPrevention: the protection of chemical treatment of objects, the protection of the object on the ground of pollutants and humidity, proper storage of the piece
Electrochemistry "Alaketrrukemia."

Using electrochemistry alone or complementary to other techniques to clean up some of the apparent soft metals such as lead and silver is also used to clean inside the metal where it is difficult to use other techniques such as inside a bronze cannon, in order to save in the long run.The withdrawal of a bronze cannon salinity way Alaketrrukemiaiip
Electrochemical analysis of the gun is surrounded by iron nets.


The delivery of three metal strips to the cannon through the curling irons.


Alaketrrukemiaiy gun before analysis.


Cannon after analysis Aliketrrukemiaiy.

Great discoveries

Great discoveries
Still around the ancient city of Alexandria for centuries lying at a depth of between 6 and 8 meters under the sea, including royal palaces and other buildings. This Mission faced many difficulties as a result of vision impairment was Dkonp water in the Bay of Alexandria and the presence of concrete cubes of the barrier, which threw out the water in 1993.
And with that mission was able to Jean-Yves Emperor to identify the nearly three thousand of them architectural block capitals, bases, and statues of sphinxes and obelisks and colossal statues and many of the effects of Pharaonic and Greek models.

Statue of Isis
Many of them due to the times prior to the era Alascendranih between the nineteenth and VI BC such as columns in the form of papyrus package bearing the name of Ramses II 1235-1298 BC, the stelae from the era of Pharaoh Seti I 1298-1312 BC, and sculptures in the form of a sphinx Pharaoh Sinosrt II 1878-1897 BC and other items back to the Ptolemaic era, in particular, a statue of the Ptolemaic kings of the multitude.

Sphinx of Sesostris II period

Part of the like

A huge statue of Ptolemy II
Excavation: Jean-Yves Emperor, CEAPhotos: Istvan Kombwan Stéphane Compoint© Corbis SigmaThe definition of the lighthouse of Alexandria
Are archaeological survey and charges under the ruins, marine traditional transparent film by a pencil and eraser and the metric scale. Was necessary to move the huge blocks weighing sometimes more than seventy tons by a balloon filled with air. Information is then analyzed and categorized and included in the card information to a computer in order to obtain the site map.


I have enabled the French electricity company data re-representation of the lighthouse building three dimensions 3D.Conviction was formed when Mission Jean-Yves Emperor had been found on the first elements of the Lighthouse of Alexandria and was able to identify the approximately 12 block of stone, said to belong to distinct sinking in the east of the island of Pharos. Underscores the huge blocks of Aswan granite, which reaches the height of 11 meters and weight between 50 and 70 tons, in addition to its location under the sea by Qitbay Castle, belonging to the Lighthouse of Alexandria, and was probably frames the doors and windows, ite.

Move the stones by air balloons
Map blocks

Excavation: Jean-Yves Emperor, CEADrawing and the map: CEA Alexandrian Studies CentrePhotos: Istvan Kombwan Stéphane Compoint© Corbis Sygma

Save the island of Pharos

Save the island of Pharos

Lighthouse of Alexandria
Arshad Lighthouse (lighthouse) sailors at a distance of 60 km for sixteen centuries and has not stopped since then robbed the imagination of people, It is a symbol of Alexander City, bushy on the sand of Egypt and was one of the Seven Wonders. Lighthouse was built in 283 BC during the reign of King Ptolemy Philadelphus. And consisted of three-storey tower to a height of 135 meters, and hue in the quakes in the twelfth and fourteenth after birth. Try to travelers and historians search for the remains lighthouse in the Bay of Alexandria on the island of Pharos, which gave the exact name of the lighthouse, but to no avail that the French archaeologists in 1994 examined the Deep Sea, Alexandria and dug effects may have been a part of the Lighthouse of Alexandria.

Cubes of concrete as a barrier of water
Began operations in 1993 and has been the dumping of concrete cubes of water as a barrier in front of the Mamluk Bey Citadel, which built in 1477 on the eastern edge of the island of Pharos, to protect the castle from the power of the Mediterranean devastating. Has alerted the filmmaker, the names of Bakrie, the authorities concerned to the risk of the operation, which directly threaten the archaeological ruins under the sea, which proved its presence near the castle since the sixties.
Photos: Istvan Kombwan
Rescue astronauts

Bey Citadel
In 1994, the Supreme Council of Antiquities said the task of drilling, under the sea and east of Bey Citadel, Center for Alexandrian Studies, which was founded in 1989 the French National Center for Scientific Research Directorate of Antiquities, Mr. Jean-Yves Emperor Jean-Yves Empereur. Then he started to Egyptian and French divers, technicians and specialists, archaeologists and Egyptologist first campaign in the excavations.

A huge statue of Ptolemy II
Pledged to finance the first effects of the French Institute of Oriental IFAO of the national ministries of education and technical research and foreign affairs, and Gideon GEDEON a private company for the production of audio-visual institutions and thousands and electricity ELF; EDF.
Excavation: Jean-Yves Emperor, CEAPhotos: Istvan Kombwan Stéphane Compoint© Corbis Sygma

Under the effects of the Sea in Egypt

Under the effects of the Sea in Egypt

Containing the shores of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea on the heritage of great effects under the Marine did not archaeologists and historians until now a comprehensive study of the Egyptian heritage, which covers the era stretching from the fourth century BC to the eighteenth century of our era.
The emergence of Archaeology under the sea in EgyptExcavation of the firstSave the island of PharosRescue astronautsGreat discoveriesThe definition of the lighthouse of AlexandriaAloahtmp Greek and Romanian

Statue of Ptolemy II in 1995
Excavation: Jean-Yves Emperor, CEA Alexandrian Studies CentrePhotos: Istvan Kombwan Stéphane Compoint © Corbis SigmaThe emergence of Archaeology under the sea in Egypt
1962 persuaded Kamel Abu Sadat, a leading scuba diving in Alexandria, the Egyptian Navy to bring the huge statue of a Ptolemaic Queen Isis in the form of the archaeological site near the Bey Citadel at a depth ranging between 6 and 8 meters. Transportation Egypt, as a result of the urgency of this pilot, who was the first to realize the importance of archaeological heritage under the sea, a request to UNESCO to study the site. In 1968 presented the British archaeologist Honor Forrest Honor Forst to you, Mr. Kamel Abul-Saadat preliminary study of the archaeological heritage under the Maritime Port of Alexandria.
Researchers
Historically, the area of waters under the supervision of the military, and in the Eights assigned responsibility under maritime archaeological heritage to the Ministry of Culture at the insistence of the then President of the Antiquities Authority, Dr. Ahmed Kadry. Since then, the Supreme Council for Antiquities said the management and implementation of all archaeological work in Egypt. And supervises the work of missions, for example, French and Greek in Alexandria or the U.S. in the Red Sea in close cooperation. It was founded in 1997 under private management implications of the Navy.

Foss Cemetery

Foss Cemetery

Does not constitute Oahtmp ships and the remains of antique Ahonadtha only under the Navy. Have been found on sites under the sea of great importance, including the Cave of Koseker and some sites adjacent to the anchorages, which Gmha water today as a result shifts the water level or as a result of distortions ground.

Foss ancient cemetery dating back to between the second and third centuries AD, is one of the antiquities excavated from a depth of four meters in the Gulf of Fos.

Cyprip extraction chamber and placed on the research vessel Alarkjonot, by the high ball and then lift





Stone Cyprip carrier codes after putting them on Alorkjonot



Exploration Bernard Liu, (DRASSM)

Wreckage of the old Titan

Wreckage of the old Titan

Philip Tayaz catcher part of the fringe
Titan is the old wreck at a depth of between 27 and 29 meters maximum island "of Louvain Levant".Discovered by Dr. Peru in 1948 and Okhaddah to examine the first in 1954, did after him, Philip Taez Philippe Tailliez, captain of the frigate at the time, the process of exploration based on the support by the National Marine and so was considered the first practical exploration scientific of the wreckage of old after the experiment on the wreckage of Grand Kungluy .
Before exploration in itself, a comprehensive scheme for the site and debris. For the first time achieved a complete photo coverage of the site observed in the deep sea as it was to locate the things that I recovered in accordance with the coordinates of the body at the bottom of the sea.
Consists of the remainder of the load when the drilling of 700 den of two different types (Dressel 10, Dressel 12) contains all the salted fish (especially of a ton) and the almond in one of them.


Extracted several tools: ceramics normal or Mbernqp black, vessels of copper, lamps, brick, molars, casual anchor of lead, a few pieces of money, including the piece votive set in the inner pillar of the bracelet, which thanks to enable the history of debris to the first century BC.
Were remnants of the ship's hull measuring 20 meters in length and 4 meters from the show. It was noted that a system that assigns a structural body ever connected to the cilia in tongues and double-click in the way they become familiar. Completed the full planning of spine and remnants of the body.


Excavation: Philip Taez Philippe Tailliez, captain of the frigate
Photos:Jars GERS (n ° 1)Arto Jacques Jacques Ertaud (n ° 2)Philip Taez Philippe Tailliez (n ° 3 et 4)

Archaeology under the sea

Archaeology under the sea
Finders ancients


It was said that at the beginning of the fifth century BC, Cilias de Sion first dive under the sea was in solving the links marinas Kzarks and thus contributed to the defeat of the Persians in the middle of war.Aristotle also said that in the fourth century BC thought divers in the way of breathing underwater. Vtm Oualqa Qlzy Dunn has confirmed that Walden does not enter the water and keep on the air Ouama revealed a vertical manner.In Rome, it has been the first to dive into the profession Aloorenatoras who were asked to extract the remainder of the wealth of sunken cargo ship.
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/archeosm/img/beauv.gif
Progress has been slow in the idea of diving despite several efforts by the researchers until the seventeenth century, including Leonardo de Vancy, Kaslar Halay and who started a series of research and inventions. Thanks to these efforts advanced research in the field of diving from the diving bell Oualy bath independent (and rich in Cousteau). Did not penetrate the ever-man of the sea until it reached down to below 300 meters depth, and his conquests ranged at distances of between 600 and 1100 deep.
Research and inventions
The first machines used in diving bells or drums or some of the equipment is full. Have not been making bath first but in about 1430. May represent a link in the bath tube of air to the top of the Epiphany. This process was a starting point for research in the field of scuba diver and processing machine that allows him to breathe without impeding his movements under water.
In the late eighteenth century researchers were able to find a way to allow the diver to breathe and the relative movement at the same time and was the first bath in history.
Project processing diver 0.1715

Idea de buff, from the French navy Prast castle in the eighteenth century.Diver wearing clothes Ktomia closes in the back by Qdibat of copper and connects to the wrists Bhezag. As in the legs, Phelps sandals with soles of lead.
Diver enters the helmets to be worn in the neck, which resist water pressure. Connecting the two tubes from the skin of the Helmets to Ihamla this way, air from the surface of the water.

Human rights and free Giralhr 0.1719
Free man is a diver equipped Bmgtts have his head in a box and a skylight in his belt is composed of weights are hooked rods of lead-managed by four Mdorat Altpfs process consists of four pumps of copper: pumps front of the breath and the other two for inspiration. And placed between the pumps Menhala from the air.

Free rights of others lying on the abdomen, head in front of an aperture, inside a box attached to the boat Mcnqtin Thbtta. The rope connecting him to be able to calibrate the air up from the six tubes, each holding in the Hereafter Ndahp breathing and swelling in his preface to keep the air inhaled.
Quoted these projects and ideas from the diary Lesieur Manville
First Bath tubs
There were many discoveries in the field of diving under the sea since the end of the eighteenth century, and enabled many of them meet the desire of divers: on the one hand go down deeper and deeper into the resulting spectrum to the discovery of cloths are rigid, on the other hand the acquisition of well-being relative in the water, leading to a multiplicity of research until reaching to an independent bath.
Bath Klanejar 0.1797

Image represents the first processing of the dive could be called "Bmgtts." This processing consists of a jacket and a pair of leather helmets and Ketomy the skylight and metal vest and all roped to the tower basin contains the air can not be renewed
Bath Siab 0.1837

In 1819 invented the German Ougust Siab bath "heavy" Who was the first diver in the bell of the old helmets, which turned into a copper enter the air pump up to the water's surface. And then continued, "Siab" Bhothath to improve the bathtub and to find means of enabling the diver to move simply and well-being because he discovered that the water penetrates the helmets and stay there if the diver in the movement is vertical. And in 1837 created a "Siab" Ktomia added the clothes to dress before and if possible by the diver more freedom of movement. And has therefore used the bath "Siab" for almost a century.
Bath "Kaberul"

Inspired by "Joseph Kaberul" From bathtub whirlpool Siab The Bnkadimh in the World Expo. Helmets were very similar to the helmets before, but Kaberul paste to four Kuah and techniques for breathing: it reaches the air by connecting pipe near the right ear. The Alcehg shall be through a valve adjustment and manual pipe protection attached to the mouth. At this particular processing a great success and that his experience made a public Kaberul: revealed sentenced to hard labor equipped Bmgttsh under the sea depth was estimated in 1940.

Bath tubs rigid
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/archeosm/img/sca-carm.gifBath Brothers Karmaniol 1882
In the year 1873, put on Benoit August Donneroz Rucarol and equipped a new perfective Nutrition air, weighing 85 kg, is equipped with fixed and wireless links connecting the plunger surface water. The helmet was wider and multi-Alkuap slippers and more for the so called lead sinkers in that era, "heavy legs".
Hence, the multiplicity of synthesis of this type of bath. Despite the success and continued Rucarol and Donneroz Bhothathma Mgttshma to improve and we were able to enter the 1864 gas engine, which replaced the gas to allow the extension of the welfare of divers in the movement. Continue to use the bath until the beginning of the twentieth century.
Being a bath Novld 0.1923

Use this device extraordinary since the beginning of the twentieth century for diving in depths of Albjar. Btanath resist water pressure Oualy 160 m and the method of breathing which is subject to turnover is closed. It would also be equipped with a phone call from the diver can surface water and handles allow the hands to address things accurately.
Despite these improvements, will offset the rigid Bamoatts cloths are independent because the water pressure forces impede the mobility of the equipment.

Baptism of the independent

While the "heavy legs" attached to the surface to enable the diver to breathe, there were many studies and research to reduce the water pressure and to find the technical means of compressed air basins. This idea paved the way for a new research since the nineteenth century, all aimed to the independence of the diver under water.
In 1828 has been patented by "Lomar de Onjarvil" represent in the development of follicles of the skin on the chest of the diver.
Then continued research and tense machine Rucarol and Donaros which enter it some improvements to become in 1865 the first and the best bath can be diver from swimming for half an hour at a depth of 10 meters and move freely thanks to a covering of rubber to accommodate the water pressure and out of compressed air from the tub.
 

Dress diving 0.1950 Maritime Museum
This was the relative freedom since the diver was not able to gain complete freedom, but in half of the twentieth century thanks to the Baptism of the independent supplier to extend the gas and invented Rucarol Donneroz ..
In 1926 invented the Leader "to Obriur" Mguetsa similar Bmgtts "Lomar de Onjarvil" added a bottle Bags Sbebha adjusted manually.
Bath Cousteau - Ganyan 1943

Met with the commander, "Jacques-Yves Cousteau," the engineer "Email Ganyan" the year of 1943 and have made together since the end of the dream to connect centuries: development of a separate whirlpool bath at the disposal of the Epiphany, the extension is equipped with air bottles and can complete freedom of movement. Less Alachterap this in great demand since 1946, especially for archaeologists who have been able to penetrate the depths of the sea and study of archaeological sites beneath it.
And in 1952 began a series of Commander Cousteau diving in the archaeological site Gran Kungluy city of Marseille.
Finders today
 
Fort St. John city of Marseille, the headquarters of the Department of archaeological research under the sea
A group of researchers and technicians belonging to the French Ministry of Culture and Research Department under the sea archaeological dig beneath the sea for half a century. Joined by a group of experts from the National Center for Scientific Research. Enabled this research to extract the wreckage of 700 commercial vessels including 600 in the Mediterranean Sea alone.

Constitute a vital group of volunteers from a series of archaeological research on the coast gallimaufry belong to the majority of the federal French Studies and Sports under the sea. And today's researchers continue to impact management of volunteers and poll drilling under the sea.
 
Cave Koseker
Thanks to the divers in exploring the field of wealth under the sea, we remind them Koseker Henri, who in 1991 discovered the cave paintings characterized by great art. The entrance to the cave and an estimated depth of 37 meters. Also enable fishermen to extract the wealth of several archaeological and some debris in their nets.
Stages of human penetration depths of the sea

The first century BCAloorenatoras, the name given to the early divers when they extracted some of the shipwreck of the Romanian Amadrac Du Jian.
The fourth century ADWriter speaks Romanian Flavius Rinatos man marine who travels under the water and inhale the air from the pod.
The fifteenth centuryLeonardo de Vancy provides images of the stronger diving and wind pipe.
1535The process of diving Francesco de Marky, equipped Boukoz of wood louver of the crystal in one of the ships in the Romanian Lake Nami.
1616Frank Kaslar depicts the first diving bell.
The late seventeenth centuryEdmund Halay introduces improvements to the bell Kaslar.
1797Improve the machine Klanejar. Diver remains loaded with a small box containing compressed air.
1837Ougust Siab puts first bath "heavy legs", fed by a pump with which surfactant.
1855French Kaberul transfer machine Siab, improve, and Iraugea every success.
The nineteenth centuryBenoit and equipped Rucarol Ougust Donaros bath Siab rate pressure.
1926Yves Le Prieur up to create the first independent bath but modified the air pressure was relatively small.
1934Commander de Korliu improves the stronger diver can dive to gain speed in the well-being and mobility.
1943Ganyan Engineer and Commander Cousteau INVENTED a bath independent extension.
1950Archaeologist Nino Mbolia oversees the process of extracting the shipwreck ROMANIAN Obannqa by Ndhakp mechanical.
1952The first archaeological dig under the sea run by Commander Cousteau on the wreck of the ship Grand Kungluy city of Marseille.
Sites revealed
Sites on the coast of the Mediterranean

Prehistory
Kosekermgarp cave under the sea is unique in the world
Ancient monuments
Group wreckage of old ships found in the top of the LucanDebris Madrac Du Jian, singled in the trade of ship wine and eating utensils.Grand Kungluy debris, the first large pits, French, under the sea.Wreckage of Le Roy Carey, a ship singled in the transfer of cutting stone.Debris du Pas-de-was, which was extracted by a submarine.Pago AA debris, old ship, singled in the transport of raw materials;.Not Formiq S., Roman ship carrying furniture.Alkretiaan A, a ship carrying material structure of a high-class wood.Arles 4, tractor debris thrown at a depth of 660 meters and studied modern techniques.Debris Porto Noavo marble, a ship from the first century singled in the trade of marble.Marina debris Wunder 2, which has Hmuletha from Spain.Titan, the first scenes of the excavations under the sea.Debris Alcalank De Lan, Roman ship laden with payment.Not Nikropoul de Vos, the site of Ground water is covered today.Wreckage of a ship Allowast Ombiaz singled in the transfer of crystalNot friendly, unique pieces from the wreckage of the sixth century are studied to this day.
Middle Ages
St Gervais 2, due to the wreckage of the seventh century was to build an authentic mannerBatiqy debris, a merchant ship linked Alasalamyalondlsy the world and the Christian world in the tenth century.Agay A, debris of the wreckage of twin AlebattiqyKvalar debris, a piece of basic marine engineering Mediterranean.
Renaissance
Allojia, distinct from the wreckage of the Renaissance.
Centuries of modern and contemporary
Brasco 2, a ship from the Royal Navy in the seventeenth century ..No St. Dorothea, a merchant ship from the late seventeenth century had sunk deeply in 1970.Not a Russian Slava, which showed wreckage of everyday life for the crew of the ship large.Wreckage of the medals, the first scene of Gajat trade in the nineteenth century.Almjnta wreck, a ship of the nineteenth century come from Carthage Roman artefacts charged. .Cave Koseker

Unique of its kind in the world, containing Koseker cave under the sea on several dozens of works of art painted and carved on the two periods back to 27 and 19 thousand a year, according to archaeologists.
Adorn the cave fees Horses and Uaol Dhabi and the mountain and Iillat and Bovidae and do and Tariq addition to about fifty hands and dozens of engineering codes and distinct pattern is a "dead man".

May have interpreted the natural cave environment, the quality of keeping the lines, this pristine location to some extent, which did not inform him of abusive amendments as on other sites must be preserved at any cost. What are the climatic conditions of the cave? And is subject to the influence of external factors? Will set out the protection program, which was defined in the framework of the cave Koseker scientific and technical questions on this. Will be provided as a result of the first preview information on the development climate in this cavity and allow the identification of conditions of the possibility of opening the entrance of synthetic of this site recharges, as well as precise information on the climatic characteristics which must be observed in the ground to secure the conservation of the site consists devices of the study stations measure, placed first in the overseas and the second set divers personnel of the Department of archaeological research in the cave under the sea cave. The units will be equipped and Bmsabr Evacuated supposed to collect data on temperature, humidity and air pressure and sea level're probably looking worldwide ... To allow us to track the development climate in the cave for the outside to the center. Then sends the data to the laboratories where it is studied and interpreted.